Biological sampling procedures that remove organisms or litter from the system being studied potentially bias the results. Bias can be estimated by considering the experimenter as a consumer in the system, and comparing experimenter consumption to other organisms feeding at the same trophic level. H. T. Odum's classic work is examined in light of this theory, and it is shown how important it is for workers to consider experimenter impact when evaluating the results of their studies.
This seminal book describes the nature and extent of science learning in America with particular attention to the innumerable sources of science education existing outside the formal education system.
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Institute for Learning InnovationJohn H Falk
This brief synthesis presents the main points of agreement between Dawson and Jensen's article, “‘Towards a ‘Contextual Turn’ in Visitor Studies: Evaluating Visitor Segmentation and Identity-Related Motivations” (this issue) and Falk's reply, “Contextualizing Falk's Identity-Related Visitor Motivation Model” (this issue), and it highlights important considerations for future research.
This study investigated visitors' and staff's perceptions about the communication of science in a traditional natural history museum. The research examined the science-related outcomes for adult visitors and explored visitors' and staff's ideas of science and how it is portrayed at the museum.
The science museum field has made tremendous advances in understanding museum learning, but little has been done to consolidate and synthesize these findings to encourage widespread improvements in practice. By clearly presenting the most current knowledge of museum learning, In Principle, In Practice aims to promote effective programs and exhibitions, identify promising approaches for future research, and develop strategies for implementing and sustaining connections between research and practice in the museum community.
Six studies on school field trip learning are reviewed. Among the findings reported are those indicating that students' perceptions of the novelty of the trip affects what they learn, and that imposed learning will be inhibited in settings where novelty is either extremely great or small.
Describes an instrument developed to quantitatively evaluate the participation levels of students on outdoor education activities. From photographs taken at two minute intervals, students are assigned values for their observed behaviors. The correlations of values assigned by several judges are shown.
From the proceedings of the 1991 Annual Visitor Studies Conference. The Interactive Experience Model is a visitor-centered perspective suggests that all experience and subsequent learning is contextual. Experience is dictated by the personal, physical, and social contexts.