As organizations grow in size, geographical scope, and complexity, it is increasingly apparent that sponsorship and support of communities of practice—groups whose members regularly engage in sharing and learning, based on common interests—can improve organizational performance. Although many authors assert that communities of practice create organizational value, there has been relatively little systematic study of the linkage between community outcomes and the underlying social mechanisms that are at work. To build an understanding of how communities of practice create organizational value
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TEAM MEMBERS:
Eric LesserJohn Stork
resourceresearchProfessional Development, Conferences, and Networks
This is a brief study of the changes in the merit review criteria for proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) over its 60-year history. Because far more worthy proposals are received than are fundable, it has been necessary for the NSF to develop review criteria to distinguish among meritorious proposals. For reasons of politics and policy, NSF has had to consider criteria other than simply good science—what are now known as “broader impacts.” This study shows that the general nature of the criteria has not changed over the years. Instead, the NSF has fought a continuing
Once resources for the scholar and serious student, science museums are now dedicated to public education. But just how institutions define and meet their educational goals is a continuing story. This article describes the evolution of science museums from private collections to public institutions over three generations.
Most people visit a science center in order to satisfy specific leisure-related needs; needs which may or may not actually include science learning. Falk proposed that an individual's identity-related motivations provide a useful lens through which to understand adult free-choice science learning in leisure settings. Over a 3-year period the authors collected in-depth data on a random sample of visitors to a large recently opened, hands-on, interactive science center; collecting information on why people visited, what they did within the science center, what they knew about the subject
Marino et al. (2010) recently published a critique of a three-year National Science Foundation—funded investigation of the impact of zoo and aquarium visits on the public's understanding of animals and their attitudes toward conservation (Falk, Heimlich, & Bronnenkant, 2008; Falk, Reinhard, Vernon, Bronnenkant, Deans, & Heimlich, 2007; Heimlich, Bronnenkant, Witgert, & Falk, 2004). This critique of that critique will show that Marino et al. seriously misrepresent both the intent of the research and the methods used. The methods used by Falk and his colleagues were consistent with current
Zoos, aquariums and ecotourism experiences have the potential to positively impact visitors’ awareness, appreciation and actions in relation to the wildlife they encounter and the environment in general. This paper presents findings from a three-year study of the impacts of wildlife tourism experiences on visitors’ environmental learning.
It is increasingly common for software and hardware systems to support touch-based interaction. While the technology to support this interaction is still evolving, common protocols for providing consistent communication between hardware and software are available. However, this is not true for gesture recognition – the act of translating a series of strokes or touches into a system recognizable event. Developers often end up writing code for this process from scratch due to the lack of higher-level frameworks for defining new gestures. Gesture recognition can contain a significant amount of
Though many tabletop applications allow users to interact with the application using complex multi-touch gestures, automated tool support for testing such gestures is limited. As a result, gesture-based interactions with an application are often tested manually, which is an expensive and error prone process. In this paper, we present TouchToolkit, a tool designed to help developers automate their testing of gestures by incorporating recorded gestures into unit tests. The design of TouchToolkit was informed by a small interview study conducted to explore the challenges software developers face
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TEAM MEMBERS:
Shahedul Huq KhandkarS. M. SohanJonathan SillitoFrank Maurer
In this article, Jane Clark Chermayeff recalls a trip to Angkor, the UNESCO World Heritage site in northwest Cambodia and home to two archaeological sites being conserved by the World Monuments Fund. Chermayeff shares her experience in Angkor as she and a team of conservators attempted to deal with the challenge of dealing with hordes of visitors each day and importance of communication and interpretation as an aid toward site conservation. Included are five recommendations for facing similar challenges in heritage preservation.
In this article, Alan J. Friedman, a consultant on museum development and science communication, details his experience working on the development of the Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie (Center of Science and Industry) in Paris, 1981. Friedman describes lessons learned including the value of planning, the role of evaluation and prototyping, and comparisons between American French exhibit development.
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TEAM MEMBERS:
Alan J. FriedmanVisitor Studies Association
In this article, Darcia A. MacMahon, Exhibits Director at the Florida Museum of Natural History, reflects on a trip to Nepal as an opportunity to consider the cultural complexities and new approaches to exhibit design when working on international projects. MacMahon presents ten questions for professionals to consider when developing exhibitions that contribute to the ongoing conversation about the role of museums in a cultural heritage context.
This article features an interview with Dr. Richard Kurin, Under Secretary for History, Art, and Culture at the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Kurin describes the Haitian Cultural Recovery Project and how it has helped Haitians rebuild after the earthquake struck the nation in 2010. He describes the goals of the project, key partners, funding sources, future opportunities and challenges, and how individuals can get involved in the project.